CFD‐DEM Modeling of Shaft Furnaces Using the Volume Fraction Smoother Approach

Shaft furnaces are widely used in high-temperature processes for granular materials due to their high energy efficiency. The modeling of these is challenging because large domains and long process times. Small geometric details like the natural gas burner nozzles demand a fine grid on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) side, resulting size smaller than particle size. Resolving discrete element over several cells computationally expensive. Interpolation methods non-structured grids complex. In order provide fast simple solution, volume fraction smoother was developed, shorten calculation time, time scale splitting method, which separates steps CFD discrete-element method (DEM), introduced.